Notes and Resources - PolicyLink

NOTES

1 See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
2 See Amanda Shaffer, The Persistence of L.A.'s Grocery Gap: The Need for a New Food Policy and Approach to Market Development (Los Angeles, CA: Center for Food and Justice, Urban and Environmental Policy Institute, Occidental College, 2002). Morland, K., Wing, S., Deiz Roux, A., and Poole, C., "Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, no. 22 (2002): 23-29. Nayga, R., and Weinberg, Z., "Supermarket Access in the Inner City," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, no. 6 (1999): 141-145.
3 See Amanda Shaffer, The Persistence of L.A.'s Grocery Gap: The Need for a New Food Policy and Approach to Market Development (Los Angeles, CA: Center for Food and Justice, Urban and Environmental Policy Institute, Occidental College, 2002).
4 See K. Morland et al, "Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, no. 22 (2002): 23-29.
5 See A. Helling et al, "Race and Residential Accessibility to Shopping and Services," Housing Policy Debate, no. 14 (2003): 69-101.
6 See U.S. Census Bureau, "Summary File 3," 2000 Census, retrieved from http://www.census.gov/.
7 See Transportation and Land Use Coalition, Roadblocks to Health: Transportation Barriers to Healthy Communities (2002).
8 See S. Handy et al, "Measuring Accessibility: An Exploration of Issues and Alternatives," Environment and Planning A, no. 29 (1997): 1175-1194.
9 See "Southwest Fresno Group Lobbies for Major Grocery Store," The Fresno Bee, 17 June 1995.
10 See Phillip R. Kaufman et al., Do the Poor Pay More for Food? Item Selection and Price Differences Affect Low-Income Household Food Costs, (Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture, 1997).
11 See Food First Institute for Food and Development Policy, Redlining Food: How to Ensure Community Food Security, retrieved from www.foodfirst.org/progs/humanrts/redlining.html.
12 See K. Morland et al, "The Contextual Effect of the Local Food Environment on Residents' Diets: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study," American Journal of Public Health, no. 11 (2002): 1761-1767.
13 See N. Wrigley et al, "Deprivation, Diet and Food Retail Access: Findings from the Leeds 'Food Deserts' Study," Environment and Planning A, no. 34 (2002).
14 See The Food Trust, Farmer's Market Program Evaluation 2004, retrieved from http://www.thefoodtrust.org/catalog/resource.detail.php?product_id=68 .
15 See The Boston Consulting Group and The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Business Case for Pursuing Retail Opportunities in the Inner City (Boston, MA: Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, 1998). This estimate does not include unrecorded income from legal activities, which is another $15 billion.
16 Rick Jacobus, Economic Development Consultant. Interviewed by PolicyLink, December 2004.
17 See Barbara Abell, Overcoming Obstacles to CDC Supermarket Development, A Guide (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development).
18 See the Federal Housing Administration Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the National Housing Act (1938). For an excellent history of federal housing policy and suburbanization, see Chapter 11 of Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States by Kenneth T. Jackson.
19 See Economic Developments National Council for Urban Economic Development, Food for Thought: Rochester Invests in Inner City Grocery Stores Development, February 1, 1997, vol. 22, no. 3. As cited in "Supermarket Access in Low-Income Communities".
20 See K. Morland et al, "The Contextual Effect of the Local Food Environment on Residents' Diets: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study," American Journal of Public Health, no. 11 (2002): 1761-1767.
21 See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Changing Models of Inner City Grocery Retailing (Boston, MA: 2002).
22 See John Pawasarat et al., Exposing Urban Legends: The Real Purchasing Power of Central City Neighborhoods (The Brookings Institution, 2001), retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/pawasarat.pdf. See The Boston Consulting Group and The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Business Case for Pursuing Retail Opportunities in the Inner City, retrieved from http://www.icic.org/research/pdf/pdf_2_The_Business_Case.pdf.
23 See D'Vera Cohn, "Retail Potential Found in 2 Areas," Washington Post, 18 July 2002
24 See John Pawasarat et al., Exposing Urban Legends: The Real Purchasing Power of Central City Neighborhoods (The Brookings Institution, 2001), retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/pawasarat.pdf.
25 See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Changing Models of Inner City Grocery Retailing (Boston, MA: 2002). Cynthia Stewart et al., Development in Underserved Retail Markets (International Council of Shopping Centers and Business for Social Responsibility, 2002). Barbara Abell, Overcoming Obstacles to CDC Supermarket Development, A Guide (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development).
26 See The Food Trust, Philadelphia City Council Calls for Hearings on Supermarket Development to be Held in May, 2004, retrieved from http://www.thefoodtrust.org/catalog/resource.detail.php?product_id=60.
27 See William Frey, et al., Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Diversity, (The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2001), retrieved from http://www.frey-demographer.org/reports/billf.pdf.
28 See K. Siedenburg et al, "Community Food Assessment: A Tool to Develop Better Food Systems," Community Food Security News, Spring 2004.
29 See Ed Bolen et al., Neighborhood Groceries: New Access to Healthy Food in Low-Income Communities, (San Francisco, CA: California Food Policy Advocates, 2003).
30 See Southland Farmers' Market Association, How to Start a Farmers' Market, retrieved from http://www.cafarmersmarkets.org/aboutsfma/how2start.shtml.
31 See Food Marketing Institute, "Key Industry Facts," retrieved from http://www.fmi.org/.
32 See www.save-a-lot.com.
33 See Barbara Abell, Supermarket Development: CDCs and Inner City Economic Development (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development, 1998). An estimate based on the 16 projects they reviewed. For information on local hiring strategies, see Local Hiring Strategies.
34 See Cynthia Stewart et al., Development in Underserved Retail Markets (International Council of Shopping Centers and Business for Social Responsibility, 2002).
35 See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Changing Models of Inner City Grocery Retailing (Boston, MA: 2002).
36 See Barbara Abell, Overcoming Obstacles to CDC Supermarket Development, A Guide (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development).
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 See San Francisco Bay Area LISC Financing at www.lisc.org/bay_area/programs/financing_5042.shtml.
40 Available at www.uwm.edu/Dept/ETI/PurchasingPower/purchasing.htm.
41 Jacobus, interview, December 2004.
42 See Vidhya Mohan et al., Supermarket Shuttle Programs: A Feasibility Study for Supermarkets Located in Low-Income, Transit-Dependent Urban Neighborhoods in California, (Davis, CA: Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Social Marketing, 2002).
43 See Paul C. Brophy et al., Seizing City Assets, (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2002), retrieved from http://www.ceosforcities.org/.
44 See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Changing Models of Inner City Grocery Retailing (Boston, MA: 2002).
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 See K. Pothukuchi, "Attracting Supermarkets to Inner-City Neighborhoods: Economic Development Outside the Box," Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3, (2005): 232-244.
48 See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, The Changing Models of Inner City Grocery Retailing (Boston, MA: 2002).
49 See Ed Bolen et al., Neighborhood Groceries: New Access to Healthy Food in Low-Income Communities, (San Francisco, CA: California Food Policy Advocates, 2003). Cynthia Stewart et al., Development in Underserved Retail Markets (International Council of Shopping Centers and Business for Social Responsibility, 2002).
50 See L. Alwitt et al, "Retail Stores in Poor Urban Neighborhoods," The Journal of Consumer Affairs, no. 31, (1997): 139-164.
51 Jim Weaver, Empower Partners, Lancaster, PA. Interviewed by PolicyLink, July 2005.
52 See Dennis Farmer, "Dynamics of the LA Supermarket Industry," (Center for Regional Employment Strategies, 2003).
53 Rick Jacobus, Economic Development Consultant. Interviewed by PolicyLink, December 2004.
54 Generally defined as businesses with sales of up to $750,000 per year.
55 See Ed Bolen et al., Neighborhood Groceries: New Access to Healthy Food in Low-Income Communities, (San Francisco, CA: California Food Policy Advocates, 2003).
56 See California Federation of Certified Farmers' Markets at http://www.cafarmersmarkets.com/.
57 See USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, Adding Values to Our Food System: An Economic Analysis of Sustainable Community Food Systems (Everson, WA: Integrity Systems Cooperative, 1997). As cited in Simon Bullock, Economic Benefits of Farmers' Markets, Friends of the Earth, http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/farmers_markets.pdf.
58 See Southland Farmers' Market Association, Value Pricing at Southland Farmers' Markets, retrieved from http://www.cafarmersmarkets.org/consumer/pricestudy.shtml.
59 See The Ford Foundation, Project for Public Spaces, Inc., and Partners for Livable Communities, Public Markets as a Vehicle for Social Integration and Upward Mobility, Phase I Report: An Overview of Existing Programs and Assessment of Opportunities (2003), retrieved from http://www.pps.org/pdf/Ford_Report.pdf.
60 Ibid.
61 See Andy Fisher, Hot Peppers and Parking Lot Peaches: Evaluating Farmers' Markets in Low Income Communities (Venice, CA: Community Food Security Coalition, 1999).
62 Penny Leff, Berkeley Ecology Center, Berkeley, CA. Interviewed by PolicyLink, December 2004.
63 See Food and Nutrition Service, "WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program," retrieved from www.fns.usda.gov/wic/FMNP/FMNPfaqs.htm.
64 See Andy Fisher, Hot Peppers and Parking Lot Peaches: Evaluating Farmenrs' Markets in Low Income Communities (Venice, CA: Community Food Security Coalition, 1999).
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 See Food and Nutrition Service, "WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program," retrieved from www.fns.usda.gov/wic/FMNP/FMNPfaqs.htm.
68 See Barbara C. Bellows et al., Bringing Local Food to Local Institutions: A Resource Guide for Farm-to-School and Farm-to-Institution Programs (National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 2003).
69 Penny Leff, The Ecology Center of Berkeley/The Farmers' Market EBT Program. Interviewed by PolicyLink, December 2004.
70 See Mary MacVean, "If You Build It, Children Will Come to the Salad Bar," Los Angeles Times, 4 November 2004, retrieved from http://www.organicconsumers.org/school/salad111704.cfm
71 See Food and Nutrition Service, "EBT Farmers' Market Demonstration Project Update," retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/ebt/ebt_farmers_markstatus.htm.
72 See letter from State of California Department of Social Services to All County Welfare Directors, All EBT Coordinators, and All Food Stamp Coordinators, 29 March 2004, Client Outreach to Promote Use of Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) Cards Use at Authorized Farmers' Markets, retrieved from http://www.dss.cahwnet.gov/getinfo/acin04/pdf/I-15_04.pdf.
73 Health and Human Services Data Center, Draft Interim Report, Demonstration of Wireless Point of Sale Devices in the Farmers' Market Environment. April 5, 2005.
74 See U.S. Department of Agriculture, "National Directory of Farmers Market and Direct Marketing Associations 2001," retrieved from http://www.ams.usda.gov/.
75 See Southland Farmers' Market Association at http://www.cafarmersmarkets.org/.
76 See J. Abel et al, "Extension's Role with Farmers' Markets: Working with Farmers, Consumers, and Communities," Journal of Extension, no. 37 (1999), retrieved from www.joe.org/joe/1999october/a4.html.
77 The original grocery store was a Food 4 Less, which was later sold to become a Food Maxx.
78 See Phil R. Kaufman, "Rural Poor Have Less Access to Supermarkets, Large Grocery Stores," Rural Development Perspectives, no. 13 (1999): 19-26.
79 Ibid.
80 See Sarah E. Samuels et al., The Social and Environmental Experience of Diabetes: Implications for Diabetes Prevention, Management and Treatment Programs: A Series of Case Studies (San Francisco, CA: The California Endowment, 2004).
81 See Barbara Abell, Overcoming Obstacles to CDC Supermarket Development, A Guide (Washington, D.C.: National Congress for Community Economic Development).
82 See Fresno Metro Ministry press release, Selma Flea Market Goes High-Tech: Customers Can Now Use Food Stamps to Buy Fresh Produce, retrieved from http://www.fresnometroministry.org/fmm/pdfs/PRESS_RELEASE_Selma_EBT_12_04.pdf.
83 For more information on local hiring strategies, see www.policylink.org/EDTK/LocalHiring.
84 See Richard Turcsik, "Taking Root: A Suburban-style Pathmark Blossoms in New York's Harlem," Progressive Grocer, vol. 78, no. 7: 1999.
85 See "O'Malley for Mayor," The Baltimore Sun, October 24, 2004, retrieved from http://www.baltimoresun.com.
86 The Food Trust, Stimulating Supermarket Development: A New Day for Philadelphia, retrieved from http://www.thefoodtrust.org/catalog/resource.detail.php?product_id=47.
87 See The Reinvestment Fund, Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing Initiative: Providing Healthy Food Choices in Pennsylvania's Communities, retrieved from http://www.trfund.com/financing/.
88 See Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania Officials Announce Plans to Attract Supermarkets to Underserved Areas, retrieved from www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/CWP/view.asp?A=390&QUESTION_ID=131029
89 See Tara Duggan, "Bringing Healthy Produce to Poor Neighborhoods," San Francisco Chronicle, 16 July 2004, available at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/07/16/BAGBQ7MCMO1.DTL
90 See Community Food Security Coalition, Weaving the Food Web, retrieved from http://www.foodsecurity.org/CFSCguide-foodweb.pdf
91 Dana Harvey, West Oakland Food Collaborative, Oakland, CA. Interviewed by PolicyLink, December 2004.
92 See Community Food Security Coalition, Weaving the Food Web, retrieved from http://www.foodsecurity.org/CFSCguide-foodweb.pdf
93 See UCLA Pollution Prevention Education and Research Center, Homeward Bound: Food-Related Transportation Strategies in Low Income and Transit-Dependent Communities (Los Angeles, CA: 1997).
94 See U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Programs," retrieved from http://www.nemw.org/farmersmarkets/senior.html.
95 See The W.K. Kellogg Foundation and Project for Public Spaces, Inc., Public Markets and Community-Based Food Systems: Making Them Work in Lower-Income Neighborhoods, retrieved from http://www.pps.org/pdf/kellogg_report.pdf.
96 See Hunger Task Force, press release, Quest Card Now Accepted at Fondy Food Center, retrieved from http://www.hungertaskforce.org.
97 See Fondy Farmers Market, "Fondy Facts," retrieved from http://www.fondymarket.org.
98 See Ed Bolen et al., Neighborhood Groceries: New Access to Healthy Food in Low-Income Communities, (San Francisco, CA: California Food Policy Advocates, 2003).
99 See Community Food Security Coalition, "Who is Raising Food in Cities? From Backyard Gardeners to Commercial Growers," retrieved from http://www.foodsecurity.org/urbanag.html#IV.
100 Ibid.

Resources For Further Information And Advocacy

American Community Gardening Associationhttp://www.communitygarden.org/
California Food Policy Advocates
http://www.cfpa.net/
California Nutrition Network
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/cdic/cpns/network/
California Nutrition Network, GIS Map Viewer
http://www.cnngis.org/
Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Social Marketing
http://socialmarketing-nutrition.ucdavis.edu/
Center for Food and Justice, Occidental College
http://departments.oxy.edu/uepi/cfj/index.htm
Community Food Security Coalition
http://www.foodsecurity.org/
The Ecology Center
http://www.ecologycenter.org/
Food and Society (W.K. Kellogg Foundation)
http://www.foodandsociety.org/
FoodChange
http://www.foodchange.org/
Food First
http://www.foodfirst.org/
Food Research and Action Center
http://www.frac.org/
FoodShare
http://www.foodshare.net/
The Food Trust
http://www.thefoodtrust.org/
Growing Power
http://www.growingpower.org/
Just Food
http://www.justfood.org/jf/
Literacy for Environmental Justice
http://www.lejyouth.org/
Local Harvest
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/csa/
National Association of Farmers Markets
http://www.farmersmarkets.net/
National Congress for Community Economic Development
http://www.ncced.org/
People's Grocery
http://www.peoplesgrocery.org/
Progressive Grocer
http://www.progressivegrocer.com/progressivegrocer/index.jsp
Project for Public Spaces
http://www.pps.org
The Reinvestment Fund
http://www.trfund.com
Southland Farmers' Market Association
http://www.cafarmersmarkets.org/
The State and Local Food Policy Project
http://www.statefoodpolicy.org/
Sustainable Food Center
http://www.sustainablefoodcenter.org/
USDA Community Supported Agriculture Resources
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/csa/
USDA Farmers Market Nutrition Program
http://www.fns.usda.gov/WIC/FMNP/FMNPfaqs.htm
World Hunger Year
http://www.worldhungeryear.org/

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